第 14 / 17 課
Lesson 13 · 約 10 分鐘
精煉與改寫
摘要、換句話說、避免重複、把冗長句砍精:少即是多
精煉與改寫
🎯 這一課你會學會
C2 的一個反直覺真理:寫得好 = 寫得精。母語者的好文字乾淨、不囉嗦——砍掉贅字、換掉笨重結構、用一個準確的字取代一串。這一課教你concision(精煉) 與 paraphrase(改寫):把話說少、把意思說足,並能換句話說同一個意思(摘要、避免重複、避免抄襲)。
💬 先聽一段對話
Mia: My draft feels bloated.(我的草稿感覺很臃腫。) Ken: Cut the padding. "Due to the fact that" → just "because."(砍掉贅字。「due to the fact that」→「because」。) Mia: And "in order to"?(那 in order to 呢?) Ken: Often just "to." Say it in half the words.(常常一個「to」就好。用一半的字講完。) Mia: Less really is more.(少真的是多。)
🔑 兩套功夫
- Concision(精煉):刪贅字、換笨重片語、化被動為主動(當合適時)、去重複。
- Paraphrase(改寫):同一個意思換一種說法——換同義詞、換句構、換詞性。
🧩 文法點:把話說精、換句話說
① 砍贅字與笨重片語(常見替換):
| 臃腫 | 精煉 |
|---|---|
| due to the fact that | because / since |
| in order to | to |
| at this point in time | now |
| in the event that | if |
| a large number of | many |
| make a decision | decide |
| is able to | can |
| in spite of the fact that | although |
- 名詞化過頭也砍(接 C1 L07):"conduct an investigation into" → "investigate"。
② 去重複與冗餘(redundancy):
- 冗餘搭配:
absolutely essential→ essential;end result→ result;past history→ history。 - 重複詞:用代名詞/替代(this、one、do so、former/latter)代掉(C2 L01/L12)。
③ 化被動為主動(當更清楚時):
- 笨重:"A decision was made by the committee to postpone."
- 清楚:"The committee decided to postpone."(被動不是錯,但沒必要時主動更利落——與資訊結構取捨並行)
④ Paraphrase(改寫的三條路):
- 換同義詞(注意內涵,C2 L05):"a crucial factor" → "a key element"。
- 換句構:"Because it rained, we cancelled." → "The rain led us to cancel." / "We cancelled owing to the rain."
- 換詞性(名↔動↔形):"She decided quickly." → "Her quick decision…"(名詞化)/ 反向亦可。
- 用途:摘要(用自己的話濃縮)、避免重複、避免抄襲(學術必備:換字又換句構,不只換幾個同義詞)。
⑤ 分寸(別砍過頭):
- 精煉 ≠ 電報體。該有的連接、緩衝、禮貌要留(尤其口語與正式信)。
- 目標是**「每個字都在做工」**,不是「字數最少」。
⑥ 中文母語者常犯:
- 受中文影響堆疊贅詞("due to the fact that"、"in my personal opinion")。
- 改寫只換幾個同義詞、句構照抄 → 學術上仍算抄襲;要連句構一起換。
- 冗餘搭配(repeat again、return back、future plans)——英語視為重複。
📒 高頻單字
| 單字 | KK 音標 | 中譯 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| concise | /kənˈsaɪs/ | 精煉的 | Keep it concise. |
| redundant | /rɪˈdʌndənt/ | 冗餘的 | cut redundant words |
| paraphrase | /ˈpærəˌfrez/ | 改寫 | paraphrase the source |
| summarise | /ˈsʌməˌraɪz/ | 摘要 | summarise in a line |
| streamline | /ˈstrimˌlaɪn/ | 精簡 | streamline the text |
🗣️ 發音提醒
- concise /kənˈsaɪs/(重音在後、尾音 s 清楚)、paraphrase /ˈpærəˌfrez/、redundant /rɪˈdʌndənt/。
- 唸精煉後的短句,節奏更明快——一口氣講完不拖泥帶水,本身就是流利的訊號。
✍️ 開口練習
練習 1:精煉贅句。
- "Due to the fact that it was raining, we made the decision to cancel." → "Because it was raining, we decided to cancel."
練習 2:去冗餘。
- "an absolutely essential end result" → "an essential result"。
練習 3:改寫(換句構+詞性,不只換同義詞)。
- "The company grew fast, which surprised analysts." → "The company's rapid growth surprised analysts."
🎒 帶走
- 精煉:砍贅字/笨重片語(due to the fact that→because)、去冗餘、必要時化被動為主動。
- 改寫:換同義詞(顧內涵)、換句構、換詞性——摘要/避重複/避抄襲(要連句構一起換)。
- 目標是每個字都在做工,不是字數最少;別砍掉該有的緩衝與禮貌。
下一課進入 Unit 6,把「得體」練到極致:語域的極致。