關係子句進階(補充說明與縮減)

🎯 這一課你會學會

把關係子句用得更精緻——非限定關係子句(用逗號「補充說明」)和縮減關係子句(把子句簡化成分詞)。這讓你的句子更緊湊、更像書面/正式英語。

💬 先聽一段對話

Amy: Did you meet my brother, who lives in Canada?（你見過我哥了嗎?他住加拿大。) Ken: The tall guy standing by the door? Yeah!（站在門邊那個高個子?見過!) Amy: That's him. The book written by him just came out.（就是他。他寫的書剛出版。)

🔑 兩個進階招式

① 非限定關係子句(補充說明,加逗號):

• My brother, who lives in Canada, is a doctor.（我哥——順帶說他住加拿大——是醫生)
• Taipei 101, which opened in 2004, is very tall.

② 縮減關係子句(把子句簡化成分詞):

• The man waiting outside(= who is waiting)
• The book written by her(= which was written by her)

🧩 文法點

① 限定 vs 非限定(逗號決定意思):

• 限定(無逗號)= 告訴你「是哪一個」,不可省:My sister who lives in Tokyo(我有好幾個姊妹,指住東京那個)。
• 非限定(有逗號)= 額外補充,拿掉也知道指誰:My sister, who lives in Tokyo, is a nurse(我只有一個姊妹,順帶說她住東京)。
• 非限定的規則:
  • 不能用 that(只能 who / which):❌ My car, that is red… → ✅ My car, which is red…
  • 不能省略關係代名詞。
  • which 可指整件事:He was late, which annoyed everyone.（which = 他遲到這件事)

② 縮減關係子句(讓句子更緊湊):

• 主動 → 現在分詞(-ing):the people who are waiting → the people waiting;anyone who wants to join → anyone wanting to join。
• 被動 → 過去分詞(-ed/PP):the letter which was sent yesterday → the letter sent yesterday;the car that was stolen → the car stolen。
• 作法:拿掉「關係代名詞 + be 動詞」,留下分詞。
  • the man (who is) standing there → the man standing there。

📒 高頻單字

單字	KK 音標	中譯	例句
whose	/huz/	誰的	a woman whose work I admire
including	/ɪnˈkludɪŋ/	包括	…, including you
standing	/ˈstændɪŋ/	站著的	the man standing there
written	/ˈrɪtən/	寫的(PP)	a book written in 1920
admire	/ədˈmaɪr/	欽佩	someone I admire

🗣️ 發音提醒

• 非限定子句唸的時候,逗號處稍微停頓(像口語的插入語),語調略降。
• written /ˈrɪtən/:雙 t 這裡是一個 /t/ + 輕 ən,「RIT-ən」。
• including /ɪnˈkludɪŋ/:重音在中間 clu。

✍️ 開口練習

練習 1:限定還是非限定(要不要逗號 / 能不能用 that)?

• The book ＿ I bought yesterday is great.（哪一本,限定)→ (that),無逗號
• My laptop, ＿ is three years old, still works.（補充,非限定)→ which,有逗號(不可 that)

練習 2:縮減關係子句。

• the people who are living here → the people living here
• the report which was written last week → the report written last week

練習 3:用非限定子句補充介紹一個人。

My ＿, who ＿, is ＿.

🎒 帶走

• 非限定(逗號、補充說明):只能 who/which、不可 that、不可省;which 可指整件事。
• 縮減關係子句:主動 → -ing(the man waiting)、被動 → 過去分詞(the book written)。

下一課,把「縮減」再進一步:分詞構句——用 -ing / -ed 開頭,把兩個動作優雅地接起來。