Lesson 11 · 約 10 分鐘
避重就輕與模糊語(hedging)
tend to / arguably / to some extent / more or less、學術與外交式軟化
避重就輕與模糊語(hedging)
🎯 這一課你會學會
母語者、尤其在學術與職場,很少把話說死。他們用 hedging(避重就輕/軟化):tend to(傾向)、arguably(可以說)、to some extent(某種程度上)、more or less(差不多)。這讓你的表達有分寸、留餘地、聽起來成熟,也讓意見更容易被接受。
💬 先聽一段對話
Mia: Is remote work better?(遠端工作比較好嗎?) Ken: It tends to suit some people more than others.(它傾向比較適合某些人。) Mia: So it's not for everyone.(所以不是人人適合。) Ken: To some extent, yes. It's arguably more productive, but it can feel isolating.(某種程度上是。可以說更有效率,但也可能讓人覺得孤立。) Mia: That's more or less my experience too.(那差不多也是我的經驗。)
🔑 一組軟化工具
- 動詞軟化:tend to、seem to、appear to、be inclined to。
- 副詞軟化:arguably、apparently、presumably、seemingly、relatively、fairly、somewhat。
- 片語軟化:to some extent、in a sense、more or less、up to a point、by and large。
- 情態軟化:may、might、can(表「有可能」)、would(委婉)。
🧩 文法點:為什麼、怎麼軟化
① 為什麼 hedge(不是含糊,是精準與禮貌):
- 學術:不武斷、留給反例空間 → "The results suggest that…"(不是 prove)。
- 職場/外交:不把話說死、給對方台階 → "That might not be the best option."
- 誠實:你其實沒 100% 把握時,hedge 才是準確。
② 三種軟化手法:
- 降低確定度:It tends to work. / It seems fine. / Apparently, they left.
- 限定範圍:To some extent, I agree. / It's fine up to a point. / relatively cheap.
- 委婉表達意見/否定:I'm not entirely convinced.(不是 I disagree)/ It's not exactly ideal.
③ 好用的固定說法:
- It could be argued that… / Arguably, …(可以說…,引出有據但不武斷的觀點)
- There's a tendency to…(有一種傾向…)
- as far as I can tell / as a rule(就我所知/一般而言)
④ 別過頭(C1 的分寸):
- 全篇都 hedge → 顯得沒立場、閃躲。該肯定時就肯定。
- Hedging 是在不確定處誠實留白,不是每句都加 maybe。
⑤ 中文母語者常犯:
- 意見講太滿:「X is definitely the best」→ 更成熟:「X is arguably the best / tends to be the best.」
- 否定太直:「You're wrong」→ 軟化:「I'm not sure that's quite right.」
- tend to + 原形(tend to work,不是 tend working)。
📒 高頻單字
| 單字 | KK 音標 | 中譯 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| tend | /tɛnd/ | 傾向 | It tends to rain here. |
| arguably | /ˈɑrɡjuəbli/ | 可以說 | Arguably the best. |
| extent | /ɪkˈstɛnt/ | 程度 | to some extent |
| apparently | /əˈpɛrəntli/ | 看來、據說 | Apparently, it's closed. |
| relatively | /ˈrɛlətɪvli/ | 相對地 | relatively cheap |
🗣️ 發音提醒
- tend to 常連讀成「tɛn-tə」(第一個 d 幾乎消失)。
- arguably 重音在第一音節:AR-gu-a-bly。
- 軟化詞語調平緩、不強調——它們的作用是「不搶戲、留餘地」。
✍️ 開口練習
練習 1:把太滿的句子軟化。
- "This is the best solution." → "This is arguably the best solution." / "This tends to be the best solution."
練習 2:用 to some extent / up to a point 表達「部分同意」。
To some extent, I agree, but _.
練習 3:委婉表達不同意。
I'm not entirely sure that _.
🎒 帶走
- Hedging=在不確定處誠實留白:tend to、seem to、arguably、to some extent、more or less、may/might。
- 用途:學術不武斷、職場不說死、意見更易被接受、否定更得體。
- 別過頭——該肯定時就肯定。分寸感正是 C1。
下一課,學讓表達精簡不囉嗦的招式:省略與替代。